Current best practices and rationalistic perspectives in causation-based prevention, early detection and multidisciplinary treatment of breast and gastric cancer
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OPTIMISING GASTRIC CANCER TREATMENT

 Quality of surgery

The importance of functional lymphatic vessels in the tumor margins and their aggressive surgical resection to combat lymphatic dissemination reveals latest relevant research - Science 2002
BOTH safe operation and selection of optimal extent of surgery play a decisive role in outcomes >>


Controversy:
Standardization vs. Tailoring



Limitations of surgery
 Adjuvant chemoradiotherapy
 Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy
 Site-specific risk of recurrence
 Spleen preservation vs resection
 Optimal lymph node dissection


GASTRIC CANCER BACKGROUND



Introduction - Epidemiology - Pathology


Causation

Diagnosis - Staging - Prognosis

References 

Early cancer
,
Advanced cancer,
Adjuvant treatment


 

>> PRESS RELEASE <<

Tumor Stage-Based Tailored Therapeutic Strategy: Rational Approach or New Trend?


GBC-Editor’s Lecture in 5th IGCC, Rome May 4-7, 2003

Fruits and vegetables:
Do they protect from gastric cancer?

Extensive version of this our own work in Gastroenterology Journal


Chemoprevention & H. pylori

  Time to move on from current strategy?

  Background: Four reasons towards optimism

  Chemoprevention Studies: Results - Comments


  Furure issues:

        H. pylori: revised higher risk
        H. pylori cure: when, to whom, why
        Cancer genetics: Perspective



FAMILIAL BREAST & GASTRIC CANCER

 

Clinical management:
Prophylactic surgery

Prophylactic bilateral mastectomy vs oophorectomy in BRCA carriers


Surveillance


Chemoprevention of breast cancer:evidence-based approach



  Future issues:

     Familial risk-assessment
     Promising preventive interventions
        Modern imaging-based screening
        Pathway-based chemoprevention
    Surveillance plus Chemoprevention:
    Can replay or delay time to surgery? Abstract >>
    Science-based medical recommendations

 

GASTRIC AND BREAST CANCER


Diverged Progress of breast cancer and gastric cancer in USA and Japan

>> BREAST CANCER <<

The furure in the Outcome Prediction & Targeted Treatment:

Conventional staging imperfectly predicts recurrence and survival in some patients. New biologic markers may be the answer


     >> Gene-expression Profile


DNA-microarrays data open the way for outcome prediction and targeted treatment of the individual patient…

     >> Cyclin E


Levels of cyclin E may more accurately predict survival than classic prognostic factors. Confirmation is needed.

BREAST CONSERVATION THERAPY


10- & 20-years follow-up results from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing breast-conserving treatment with total mastectomy establish:

     >> Rational, Current Reality & Limitations


Lack of generalizability of randomized trials to individuals suggests that although most women benefited from breast conservation in some others mastectomy is more beneficial.

     PITFALLS
     >> Local failure

5-20% depended on risk factors -young age, final margin status, EIC and treatment (surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, tamoxifen).

     >> Positive resection margins (PRM)

10-48%! is the rate of close or PRM and 9-54%! of these patients develop local recurrence.

     >> MINIMISING THE RISKS


Appropriate patient selection and treatment can reduce local failures.Breast-conserving surgery is the treatment of choice but some women may more benefited from total mastectomy. How can they be identified?

 

NEW data - Perspectives, Clinical Implications
Controversies in Gastric Cancer
1. Assessing the risk of gastric cancer 
2. Chemoprevention and early detection: more effective than treatment?
3. The immunologic role of the spleen in gastric cancer surgery
4. Molecular explanations of early recurrence
5. Lauren-classification: Determinant factor for treatment decision
6. Drugs in Gastric Cancer
7. Quality of life - Patient's benefits strongly depended on treatment decision-making
8. Endoscopic Mucosal Ressection
1. Chemoprevention: Is it effective?
2.

Endoscopic screening: Lessons from Japan

3. Minimal invasive treatment: Is it feasible in the West?
4.

Extent of optimal surgery:evidence-based criteria
Total vs. subtotal gastrectomy
Spleen, pancreas: preservation vs. resection
Extended (D2) vs. limited (D1) resection

5. Neo-adjuvant vs. postoperative chemoradiation
Links & Ranking

Emergining Issues on Digestive Canver Prevention

  GBCNC - Ranking:

Nr 1 or Top 10:
Google, Yahoo, MSN, AOL, Altavista, Netscape, LookSmart, Overture
Metasearch: Excite, Webcrawler, Ixquick, Metacrawler

  Academic ranking:

   - HONcode (1), Omni.ac.uk (6)

  Supported by:




>> GASTRIC CANCER SUMMARY <<--------------------------------->> BREAST CANCER SUMMARY<<

Leading cause of morbidity and mortality
 

Asia, South America

Women in the Western World

 
Overall 5-year survival
 
22% (USA), 50% (Japan) 86% (USA)  
Scientific efforts and health policy strategies to fight cancer
 
Primary Prevention of familial cancer
 

CDH1 carriers:
Surgery: total gastrectomy

BRCA1, BRCA2 carriers
Surgery (mastectomy or oophorectomy
Surveillance (plus chemoprevention)

 
Pathway-based Chemoprevention
 

Atrophic gastritis, intestinal
metaplasia, (Non-ulcer dyspepsia
?)

Women with risk > 1.66  

Helicobacter pylori eradication

.  Tamoxifen

 

Fruits & vegetables, vit. C Suppl.

. Raloxifene

 
Early detection
 

Screening endoscopy 
Japan: 50% early-stage

Screening mammography
USA: 70% early-stage

 
Increasing minimally invasive approaches
 

Endocopic mucosal resection
Limited surgery (laparoscopic)

Breast-conserving surgery
Sentinel lymph node biopsy

 
Quality of Surgery
 

Principal goal: complete (R0) resection. Caution: Essential in limited surgery
Selection of tumor stage-targeted extent of surgery

Node-negative D1; -positive: D2

  < 5cm: Breast-conserving only by R0

 

Splenectomy: only T2,T3 proximal cancer
Pancreatectomy: few indications

SLND: in specialized institutions and in ongoing trials only

 
Postoperative adjuvant treatment
 

Little effectiveness

Established benefit

 

Neoadjuvant treatment in locally advanced cancer

 

Preoperative, intraoperative-intra- peritoneal chemotherapy, radio- therapy: still experimental

Increases rate of breast-conserving surgery, effect on survival unclear.

 

Online ISSN : 1109 - 7647
   Print ISSN : 1109 - 7655

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last update: 22 May 2003